task 1-develoment in editing

The history of editing has been going on for a very long time one of the first films to be made was called sortie d' usine in 1895 by the lumiere brothers

Edwin S.Porter
Was thought to be american filmmakers who first put film editing to use.he worked as a electrician before he joined.
G.A.Smith
Initially there was no story and no editing. each film ran as long as how much film was in the camera a eample of this is the miller and the sweep
First movie to have a cut in it was in 1899 was the Kiss in the Tunnel this was very important to the movie industry.


Edwin S.Porter made the breakthrough in film with the life of an american fireman in 1903. The film was one of the first films that had a plot,action, and even a close up of one of the people pulling a fire alarm with their hand




Other films followed after life of an american fireman. The great train robery is one of these films and this film is hown in schools as an example of early editing.



Porter discovered important aspects of motion picture language that the screen image does not need to show. That slicing together two shots creates in the viewer's mind.

A movie created by Charles Pathe was the horse that bolted 1907 was the first film that shown parallel editing

D.W. Griffith
U.S.Film director and was one of the early supporters of the power of editing . he made use of cross cutting to show parallel action in diffrent locations.
Griffith's work was highly regarded by lev kuleshov and was influence the fimmakers understanding of editing





Another example of this is the godfather



lev kuleshov was among the very first to theorise about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920s. He said that making a film is like building a film brick-by-brick (shot-by-shot)
sometime around 1918 Russian director lev kuleshov did a experiment that proves this point.

These images show that he is seeing a dead body which means he is sad.
he next sees food which shows he is hungry.
as he sees a lady which could mean lust (love)


Man with a Movie Camera
Dziga Vertov employed his ideas about montage and made the film the man with a movie camera.



In motion picture terminology a montage (from the french for ''putting together'') is a film editing technique.
There are at least three senses of the term in french film practice, ''montage'' has its literal french meaning and simply identifies editing.
Some example of a montage is rocky and apocalypse no.w




Sergei Eisenstein was briefly a student of kuleshov's but they went their separate ways because  they had different ideas of montage. Eisenstein tried to provoke associations in the viewer which were induced by shocked
-STRIKE


Another example of montage is apocalypse now.



Continuity editing
Continuity editing is known as a popular 'classical hollywood' style of editing and was developed by early european and american directors in particular D.W.Griffith in a film of his The Birth of a Nation

What became known as the popular 'classical hollywood' style of editing was made early european/american directors. mainly D.W.Griffith  in his film such as the birth of a nation and intolerance.

 




The classical style ensure temporal and spatial continuity as a way of advancing narrative using such techniques as the 180 degree rule

The gap in action  is emphasised by the use of a jump cut
example a bout de souffle



Eye-line match
We see a character looking at something off screen and then we cut to a shot of what they are seeing and back to them.

Match-on-action
We see a character start an action in one shot and then see them continue it in the next

Graphic match
When two shots are linked with a similar shape or composition of an image.

A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serruier in 1924. Moviola the company is still in existence and is located in Hollywood where part of the facility is located on one of the original Moviola factory floors.








First the movies were edited by hand where people would cut the celluloid and moving it to where they wanted it.

Editing is now mostly done on final cut pro 5 which is a digital editing software where u are able to do much more then cutting and moving stuff around u are able to change the lighting and add text. u are even able to blend shots together.

RULES OF EDITING

Rule1- never make a cut without a positive reason
Rule2- when undecided about a exact frame to cut on, cut long rather than short
Rule3- whenever possible cut 'in movement'
Rule4- the 'fresh' is preferable to the 'stale'.
Rule5- all scenes should begin and end with continuing action.
Rule6- cut for proper values rather than proper 'matches'
Rule7- substance first ----then form.

These rules was made by Edward Dmytryk.

Walter murch's editing criteria

According from the director and editor alter murch (apocalypse now), when it comes to film editing there is six main criteria for evaluating cuts or deciding where the cut should be.

Here are the craters he has set

51% emotion ----- 23% story ----- 10% rhythm ----- 7% eye-trace -----
two-dimensional plane of the screen 5% (does the cut respect the 180 degree rule?)
three-dimensional space of action 4%. is the cut true to the physical/spatial relationships within the diegesis?


In camera editing

In camera is a latin phrase that means 'in chambers'.
in camera editing is a technique of video production in which a videographer shoots the shots in the exact order that they will be played in.

The process takes immense amounts of planning so that the shots that are filmed are the ones that will be viewed in directly that order.

Following the action is where there is a movement r in an action scene, the camera would follow only the main part of the action. for example mr & mrs smith the camera rotates around the gun battle to show more of the action.



Multiple points of views
this is where different characters in a film are having their point of view being shown. a example of this is in iron man.




Shot variation
This is when a shot is uninterrupted by editing and the shot distance changes
the shot will be either static or mobile but must be a continuous motion
a example of this is that the shot begins as a long or wide sho and end with a close up.
a example of this is the matrix. this begins in a long shot and ends in a mid shot doing a circular motion


Manipulation of diegetic time and space. manipulation of diegetic time and space is when a film uses effects to show change in a objects age or the time is moving forward or backwards. many films use this technique a example of this is the time machine

Analogue editing is the cutting together together of pieces of celluloid film

Digital editing
this is a form of electronic media where data are stored in digital.
Digital editing is the use of computers to order and manipulate this digital data

Video editing
This is the process of editing segments of motion video production footage, special effects and sound recordings from the post-production process.
magnetic tapes were used to store information before digital technologies
most video editing has been superseded by digital editing which is faster and cheaper.

Non-linear editing
In digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to get any frame in a clip regardless of sequence in the clip.
the freedom to access any frame and use a cut-ad paste method similar to the ease of cutting and pasting text in a word processor. this allows you to easily include fades transitions and other effects.