assingment 2 task 2

In the filming our production roles are as follows:
Director-Harry Smith
Camera operator- Alex Wilson
Sound operator- Sam Harvey
Editor- james Lucas
The person that filmed the production process using a still digital camera was Alex Wilson

These are images of us filming the advert.

Assignment 1 task 2

The purpose of editing

Storytelling
You would use editing to show a story of the film e.g. if their was a fight happening of the film you would show the main part of it. you could edit many different ways to tell a story all movies have a story to it and thats the main part that got them interested.

Engaging the viewer
This is what all films want is for their viewers to be engaged in their films so they are enjoying it. the films would need their film to be interest to draw in the viewer for example they want their story to have meaning

Development of drama
Films that have drama in it are very good as it draws the viewer to feel connected to with the people in the film knowing how they feel so they are more engaged in the film. some films will have too much drama which will cause the viewer to get bored of the film .

Relationship to genre
There are many different genres for example action, horror, fantasty, comedy, sci-fi and romance. different people like different types of genres. depending of the genres is depending on who likes it. some people are fans of sci-fi e,g, star treak films or the star wars saga.


Creating motivation
The film will become motivated if it has a series of smooth continuity friendly shots, this could be a conversation between 2 people. The film needs to get the shot near perfect in a relation to the last shot and the shots need to have a steady cuts.

Combining sots into sequences
This is when you get shots that where filmed at different times and they have been edited together to form a seamless sequence. a example of this could be the final action scene of ''mr and mrs smith''.



Creating pace
This is when the edits in a scene are occurring a lot which could build up tension or to show the action that is occurring in the scene.

assignment 2 task 3

This is my continuity exercise

This is final cut express the program i was using to edit my shots.










 In the bin i have labeled both of the shots so i know which one goes where so there is no confusion.

This is what i started off with

This is what my peace looked after i edited it.





I used this to see what parts are different sounds levels so i know wether or not to lower the volume or not

task 1-develoment in editing

The history of editing has been going on for a very long time one of the first films to be made was called sortie d' usine in 1895 by the lumiere brothers

Edwin S.Porter
Was thought to be american filmmakers who first put film editing to use.he worked as a electrician before he joined.
G.A.Smith
Initially there was no story and no editing. each film ran as long as how much film was in the camera a eample of this is the miller and the sweep
First movie to have a cut in it was in 1899 was the Kiss in the Tunnel this was very important to the movie industry.


Edwin S.Porter made the breakthrough in film with the life of an american fireman in 1903. The film was one of the first films that had a plot,action, and even a close up of one of the people pulling a fire alarm with their hand




Other films followed after life of an american fireman. The great train robery is one of these films and this film is hown in schools as an example of early editing.



Porter discovered important aspects of motion picture language that the screen image does not need to show. That slicing together two shots creates in the viewer's mind.

A movie created by Charles Pathe was the horse that bolted 1907 was the first film that shown parallel editing

D.W. Griffith
U.S.Film director and was one of the early supporters of the power of editing . he made use of cross cutting to show parallel action in diffrent locations.
Griffith's work was highly regarded by lev kuleshov and was influence the fimmakers understanding of editing





Another example of this is the godfather



lev kuleshov was among the very first to theorise about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920s. He said that making a film is like building a film brick-by-brick (shot-by-shot)
sometime around 1918 Russian director lev kuleshov did a experiment that proves this point.

These images show that he is seeing a dead body which means he is sad.
he next sees food which shows he is hungry.
as he sees a lady which could mean lust (love)


Man with a Movie Camera
Dziga Vertov employed his ideas about montage and made the film the man with a movie camera.



In motion picture terminology a montage (from the french for ''putting together'') is a film editing technique.
There are at least three senses of the term in french film practice, ''montage'' has its literal french meaning and simply identifies editing.
Some example of a montage is rocky and apocalypse no.w




Sergei Eisenstein was briefly a student of kuleshov's but they went their separate ways because  they had different ideas of montage. Eisenstein tried to provoke associations in the viewer which were induced by shocked
-STRIKE


Another example of montage is apocalypse now.



Continuity editing
Continuity editing is known as a popular 'classical hollywood' style of editing and was developed by early european and american directors in particular D.W.Griffith in a film of his The Birth of a Nation

What became known as the popular 'classical hollywood' style of editing was made early european/american directors. mainly D.W.Griffith  in his film such as the birth of a nation and intolerance.

 




The classical style ensure temporal and spatial continuity as a way of advancing narrative using such techniques as the 180 degree rule

The gap in action  is emphasised by the use of a jump cut
example a bout de souffle



Eye-line match
We see a character looking at something off screen and then we cut to a shot of what they are seeing and back to them.

Match-on-action
We see a character start an action in one shot and then see them continue it in the next

Graphic match
When two shots are linked with a similar shape or composition of an image.

A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serruier in 1924. Moviola the company is still in existence and is located in Hollywood where part of the facility is located on one of the original Moviola factory floors.








First the movies were edited by hand where people would cut the celluloid and moving it to where they wanted it.

Editing is now mostly done on final cut pro 5 which is a digital editing software where u are able to do much more then cutting and moving stuff around u are able to change the lighting and add text. u are even able to blend shots together.

RULES OF EDITING

Rule1- never make a cut without a positive reason
Rule2- when undecided about a exact frame to cut on, cut long rather than short
Rule3- whenever possible cut 'in movement'
Rule4- the 'fresh' is preferable to the 'stale'.
Rule5- all scenes should begin and end with continuing action.
Rule6- cut for proper values rather than proper 'matches'
Rule7- substance first ----then form.

These rules was made by Edward Dmytryk.

Walter murch's editing criteria

According from the director and editor alter murch (apocalypse now), when it comes to film editing there is six main criteria for evaluating cuts or deciding where the cut should be.

Here are the craters he has set

51% emotion ----- 23% story ----- 10% rhythm ----- 7% eye-trace -----
two-dimensional plane of the screen 5% (does the cut respect the 180 degree rule?)
three-dimensional space of action 4%. is the cut true to the physical/spatial relationships within the diegesis?


In camera editing

In camera is a latin phrase that means 'in chambers'.
in camera editing is a technique of video production in which a videographer shoots the shots in the exact order that they will be played in.

The process takes immense amounts of planning so that the shots that are filmed are the ones that will be viewed in directly that order.

Following the action is where there is a movement r in an action scene, the camera would follow only the main part of the action. for example mr & mrs smith the camera rotates around the gun battle to show more of the action.



Multiple points of views
this is where different characters in a film are having their point of view being shown. a example of this is in iron man.




Shot variation
This is when a shot is uninterrupted by editing and the shot distance changes
the shot will be either static or mobile but must be a continuous motion
a example of this is that the shot begins as a long or wide sho and end with a close up.
a example of this is the matrix. this begins in a long shot and ends in a mid shot doing a circular motion


Manipulation of diegetic time and space. manipulation of diegetic time and space is when a film uses effects to show change in a objects age or the time is moving forward or backwards. many films use this technique a example of this is the time machine

Analogue editing is the cutting together together of pieces of celluloid film

Digital editing
this is a form of electronic media where data are stored in digital.
Digital editing is the use of computers to order and manipulate this digital data

Video editing
This is the process of editing segments of motion video production footage, special effects and sound recordings from the post-production process.
magnetic tapes were used to store information before digital technologies
most video editing has been superseded by digital editing which is faster and cheaper.

Non-linear editing
In digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to get any frame in a clip regardless of sequence in the clip.
the freedom to access any frame and use a cut-ad paste method similar to the ease of cutting and pasting text in a word processor. this allows you to easily include fades transitions and other effects.

T1 assignment 2

180 degree rule

The 180 degree rule is very important to movies this is one rule films will never break only a few have broken this rule. This rule means if u film one side you cannot film on the other side because it will look completely different. for example if you film 2 people talking from one side, if you film from the other side they would be the other way round which would be breaking the 180 degree rule.

match on action

this is when the camera follows the main part of the scene like someone walking though a door the camera will be looking at them going though the door then the next shot will be the person walking into the room but on the other side of the door so we see them walking into the room.


eye line match
this is when a person is looking towards something then the camera switches and looks at what the person is looking at for example if someone was looking at a poster it would be a shot of them looking towards the poster, then the camera would switch to the poster showing the audience that the person is looking at the poster.

story board

animatic

Day	Scene	Location	Equipment	Costumes	Props	Cast +Crew
1	1 2 3          4 5 6	Corridor Corridor Corridor Classroom Classroom Classroom	Camera, tripod Camera, tripod Camera, tripod Camera, tripod Camera, tripod Camera, tripod	None None None None None None	None None None Book Book Book	James Lucas James Lucas James Lucas Harry Smith,  James Lucas Harry Smith James Lucas Harry Smith James Lucas

editing task 3

Editing is the main part of films or programs or even adverts. mostly everything has editing in it if it was to catch the viewers attention.

Editing is the process for looking at all the different parts of the film or t.v programme and then placing the different parts in the right order you want it in to make what you want much better.
The speed of editing can change the way the viewers find how much tension as they would speed up the editing.If they wanted to give something like a romantic scene they would slow it down. they would also slow down the editing at the start of the film to set the scene of the story. Trailers of movies will have fast editing if it is a action packed film e.g. the man in the iron mask.


The speed of editing
Near the end of the movie it switches between charters to show their side of the story.
scenes at the beginning of a film (telling the beginning of the story) must be long enough for people to understand what the story is about and find out who the main character(s) are.
As the film progresses scenes may become shorter as the editing cuts between telling two or more story at the same time
A example of this is spiderman.
The first part where he is catching his bus this is setting the scene and showing the main characters
and at the end of the film it is changing between shots quicly showing the action of the fight.

No editing
this is where the shot is continues and never ends with no cuts or edits. a example of this is russian ark



Trailers

They are what introduce the films to people and show part of the film to the audience. this will make the audience look at the trailer and feel they want to watch it. a example of this is the man in the iron mask this advert makes a lot of people want to watch it.


Action sequence
This is the exciting part of the film with a lot of action which could be a gun fight sword fight where people will be fighting or even chasing someone across a certain area or even if it was just someone being attacked as shown in this scene from psycho.



Slow to fast editing
This is when the editing of the film starts of slow at the beginning of the film to introduce what is happening. then during the end of the film the editing of the film starts to speed up for the action or building tension.



style of editing
All shots are linked together in a certain way. The movement between one shot to another is called a transition.

Straight cut
This is the most common forms of transition.
One shot moves instantaneously to the next without attracting the person who is watching attention
straight cuts help retain reality. they do not want the viewer to break suspension of disbelief.

Dissolves
Fading one shot off the screen while a different shot is slowly fading in.
the audience will be able to see both of the shots will they are changing

Fades
A gradual darkening or lightening of an image until it becomes black or white
this is used to indicate the end of a particular section of time within the narrative. Also can show passing of time

A movie that uses all this is Citizen Kane


Wipes
One image is pushed off the screen by another image. images can move left or right (more common being pushed to the left-hand side as the movement is more consistent with the sense of time moving forward)
Signal a movement between different locations that experiencing the same time.
a example of this is star wars films.



Jump cut
A jump cut is where the audience's attention is brought into focus on something very suddenly
this occurs by breaking the continuity editing.
This is known as discontinuity
It appears as if a section of the sequence has been removed

A example of this is breathless 1960



Graphic match
The filmmaker can choose to place shots in a certain order so as to create a smooth visual transfer from one frame to the next. when two consecutive shots are matched in terms of the way they look it is called

A graphic match
A example of this is psycho of the eye. where it turns from the drain to the eye of the dead woman



Montage theory
lev kuleshov was among the very first to theorise about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920s. He argued that editing a film is like constructing a building. sometime around 1918 a russiab director lev kuleshov conducted an experiment to prove this was true.

montage editing
contains many different images quickly edited together. images that do not provide a sense of the narrative moving forward - it still has full of meaning. rapid cuts force the viewers to consider the connections between the images being shown. there may not even

eye line match
this is when a person in the film is looking towards something then the camera switches towards what they are looking at.


match on action
this is when there is a lot of action happening and the camera follows the main part of the action.


continuity editing
this retains a scenes of realistic chronology and generates the feeling that time is moving forward. this could be the use of flashbacks/forward but the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an realistic way